JAPANESE STANDARD FOR SHIELD TUNNELING - 1996 - TABLE OF CONTENTS Preface Member of subcommittee on English Edition of the Japanese Standard for Tunneling 1. GENERAL 1.1 General Requirements [1] Scope of Application [2] Definition [3] Related Laws and Regulations 1.2 Investigation [4] Purpose of Investigation [5] Site Condition Investigation [6] Obstacle Investigation [7] Topographical and Soil Investigation [8] Investigation for Environmental Protection 1.3 Planning [9] Shape and Size of Tunnel Inner Section [10] Tunnel Alignment [11] Tunnel Overburden [12] Grade of Tunnel [13] Selection of Shield Method [14] Lining [15] Auxiliary Facilities in Tunnel [16] Auxiliary Measures [17] Vertical Shafts and Construction Site [18] Environmental Protection Measures [19] Schedule of the Works [20] Monitoring, Measurement and Works Records 2. LINING 2.1 General Requirements [21] Scope of Application [22] Definitions [23] Notations [24] Selection of Structure and Type of Lining [25] Basis of Design [26] Design Statement [27] Drawing 2.2 Loads [28] Design Loads [29] Vertical and Horizontal Earth Pressure [30] Water Pressure [31] Dead Weight [32] Effect of Surcharge [33] Soil Reaction [34] Construction Loads [35] Internal Loads [36] Effects of Earthquake [37] Effects of Two or More Tunnels Construction [38] Effects of Vicinity Construction [39] Effects of Ground Settlement [40] Other Loads 2.3 Materials [41] Materials [42] Material Testing [43] Modulus of Elasticity and Poisson's Ratio 2.4 Allowable Stress [44] Allowable Stress [45] Increase of Allowable Stress 2.5 Shapes and Dimensions of Segment [46] Shapes and Dimensions of Segment [47] Joint Angles and Insertion Angle [48] Tapered Ring 2.6 Structural Calculation of Segment [49] Basis of Structural Calculation [50] Calculation of Member Forces [51] Effective Width of Skin Plate and Backboard [52] Stress of Main Section [53] Calculation of Segment Joint [54] Calculation of Skin Plate and Backboard [55] Calculation of Vertical Rib 2.7 Desing Detail for Segment [56] Joint Structure [57] Bolt Layout [58] Vertical Rib [59] Waterproofing [60] Grouting Hole [61] Segment Hanger [62] Workability, Arrangement and Fixing of Reinforcement [63] Corrosion Protection and Rust Protection [64] Other Design Detail 2.8 Production of Segment [65] General Matters [66] Production Outline [67] Tolerance of Dimension [68] Inspection [69] Marking 2.9 Storage, Transport and Handling of Segment [70] General Matters [71] Storage [72] Transport and Handling 2.10 Secondary Lining [73] General Matters [74] Member Force and Stress [75] Thickness of Secondary Lining 3. SHIELD MACHINES 3.1 General Requirements [76] Scope of Application [77] Shield Machine Design 3.2 Design Basis [78] Load [79] Structural Design [80] Shield Machine Weight 3.3 Shield Machine Structure [81] Shield Machine Configuration [82] Outer Diameter of Shield Machine [83] Shield Machine Length [84] Hood Section [85] Girder Section [86] Tail Section [87] Tail Seals 3.4 Excavation Unit [88] Selection of Excavation Unit [89] Cutter Head Type [90] Support Type of Cutter Head [91] Cutter Torque [92] Cutter Slits [93] Cutter Bits [94] Cutter Bearing Seals [95] Extra Excavation Units 3.5 Drive Unit [96] Total Thrust [97] Selection and Positioning of Shield Jacks [98] Stroke of Shield Jacks [99] Shield Jacking Rate 3.6 Segment Assembly Unit [100] Selection of Segment Erector [101] Capacity of Segment Erector [102] Supplement Segment Assembly Unit 3.7 Hydraulic, Electrical, and Control Systems [103] Hydraulic System [104] Electrical System [105] Control System 3.8 Auxiliary Units [106] Attitude Control Units [107] Articulation [108] Surveying Instruments [109] Simultaneous Backfill Grouting Unit [110] Trailing Gear [111] Lubrication System 3.9 Earth Pressure Balanced Shield Machine [112] System Design for Earth Pressure Balanced Shield Machine [113] Structure of Earth Pressure Balanced Shield Machine [114] Cutting Face Stabilization Unit [115] Additive Injection Unit [116] Mixing Unit [117] Muck Removal System 3.10 Slurry Shield Machine [118] System Design for Slurry Shield Machine [119] Structure of Slurry Shield Machine [120] Face Stabilization Unit [121] Slurry Feed / Discharge Unit 3.11 Manual Excavation, Semi-mechanical and Mechanical Shield Machines [122] Structure of Manual Excavation and Semi-mechanical Shield Machines [123] Structure of Mechanical Shield Machine [124] Face Jack Devices [125] Selection of Excavating and Loading Machines [126] Muck Dischargers 3.12 Manufacturing of Shield Machines [127] General Provisions for Manufacturing [128] Shop and Site Assembly [129] Inspections and Tests 3.13 Maintenance of Shield Machines [130] Inspections and Maintenance 4. CONSTRUCTION AND CONSTRUCTION FACILITIES 4.1 General Requirements [131] Construction Planning 4.2 Survey [132] Surface Survey [133] Tunnel Survey [134] Shield Machine Attitude Survey 4.3 Execution [135] Shaft [136] Daparting and Arrival of Shield Machine [137] Advancement [138] Excavation, Face Stability and Muck Disposal of an Earth Pressure Balanced Shield (EPB shield) [139] Excavation, Face Stability and Muck Disposal of a Slurry Shield [140] Excavation, Face Stability and Muck Disposal of an Open-face Type Shield [141] Primary Lining [142] Backfill Grouting [143] Waterproofing [144] Secondary Lining [145] Two or More Shield Tunnels Construction [146] River Crossing [147] Tunnel Construction with Shallow Cover [148] Tunnel Construction with Deep Cover [149] Tunnel Construction with Sharp Curve [150] Steep Gradient Tunnel Construction [151] Long-distance Tunnel Construction [152] Cutter Bits Change [153] Underground Tunnel Connection [154] Underground space Enlargement [155] Removal of Underground Obstruction 4.4 Auxiliary Measures [156] General [157] Chemical Grouting Method [158] High-pressure Jetting and Mixing Method [159] Ground Freezing Method [160] Dewatering Method [161] Pneumatic Method 4.5 Ground Movements and Protection of Existing Structures [162] Ground Movements and Prevention Measures [163] Construction Near Existing Structures and Protection of Existing Structures 4.6 Plant and Equipment [164] Plant and Equipment [165] Material Storage Yard and Warehouse [166] Muck Removal Facilities [167] Material Handling Facilities [168] Electric Power Supply Facilities [169] Lighting Facilities [170] Communication System [171] Ventilation Facilities [172] Safety Walkways and Stairs [173] Water Supply and Discharge Facilities [174] Fire Fighting and Fire Prevention Facilities [175] Combustible Gas and Harmful Gas Monitoring/Warning Facilities [176] Shield Machine Departing, Arriving and Turning Facilities [177] Primary Lining Facilities [178] Backfill Grouting Facilities [179] Working Platform Car [180] Secondary Lining Facilities [181] Pneumatic Method Facilities and Compressed Air Facilities [182] Operation Control Systems for EPB Shield Method [183] Mud Slurry Solidification Facilities [184] Operation Control Facilities for Slurry Shield Method [185] Slurry Treatment Facilities [186] Gravel Removal Facilities 4.7 Field Construction Control [187] Schedule Control [188] Quality Control [189] Management of Works 4.8 Safety and Health Administration [190] Safety and Health Administration in General [191] Providing Good Working Environment [192] Pneumatic Pressure Control [193] Accidents and Disasters [194] Emergency and Rescuing Actions 4.9 Measures for Preservation of Environment [195] General Measures for Preservation of Environment [196] Noise Control [197] Vibration Control [198] Prevention of Water Pollution [199] Measures for Groundwater [200] Prevention of Troubles for Human Body due to Oxygen Deficiency (hypoxia/auoxia) [201] Appropriate Treatment and Disposal of Muck APPENDIX I Special Shield Methods 1. Extruded Concrete Lining Method 2. Shields with Special Shaped Cross-section 3. Other Special Shield Methods APPENDIX II Construction Record of Shield Tunnels by Questionnaires INDEX